What is Referential Integrity in Database or SQL - MySQL Example Tutorial

Referential Integrity is a set of constraints applied to foreign keys which prevents entering a row in the child table (where you have the foreign key) for which you don't have any corresponding row in the parent table i.e. entering NULL or invalid foreign keys. Referential Integrity prevents your table from having incorrect or incomplete relationships e.g. If you have two tables Order and Customer where Customer is parent table with primary key customer_id and Order is child table with foreign key customer_id. Since as per business rules you can not have an Order without a Customer and this business rule can be implemented using referential integrity in SQL on a relational database.

How to Split String in SQL Server and Sybase? Example Tutorial

Sometimes we need to split a long comma-separated String in a Stored procedure e.g. Sybase or SQL Server stored procedures. It's quite common to pass comma delimited or delimiter separated String as an input parameter to Stored procedure and then later split comma separated String into multiple values inside stored proc. This is not just the case of the input parameter but you can also have a comma-separated string in any table data. Unfortunately, there is no split() function in Sybase or SQL Server 2005 or 2008 which can directly split a string based on delimiter just like in the Java string split method. 

Difference between LEFT and RIGHT OUTER Joins in SQL - MySQL Join example

There are two kinds of OUTER joins in SQL, LEFT OUTER join and RIGHT OUTER join. The main difference between RIGHT OUTER joins and LEFT OUTER join, as their name suggests, is the inclusion of non-matched rows. Sine INNER join only include matching rows, where the value of the joining column is the same, in the final result set, but OUTER join extends that functionality and also include unmatched rows in the final result. LEFT outer join includes unmatched rows from the table written on the left of the join predicate. 

How to find second highest or maximum salary of Employee in SQL - Interview question

How to find the second highest or second maximum salary of an Employee is one of the most frequently asked SQL interview questions similar to finding duplicate records in table and when to use truncate vs delete. There are many ways to find second highest salary based upon which database you are using as different database provides different feature which can be used to find the second maximum or Nth maximum salary of employee. Well this question can also be generalized with other scenario like finding second maximum age etc. In this SQL tutorial we will see different example of SELECT SQL query to find second highest salary independent of databases or you may call in ANSI SQL and other SQL queries which uses database specific feature to find second maximum salary.

How to find duplicate records in a table on database - SQL tips

How to find duplicate records in a table is a popular SQL interview questions which have been asked as many times as difference between truncate and delete in SQL or finding second highest salary of employee. Both of these SQL queries are must know for any one who is appearing on any programming an interview where some questions on database and SQL are expected. In order to find duplicate records in the database table you need to confirm the definition of duplicates, for example in below contact table which is suppose to store name and phone number of the contact, a record is considered to be duplicate if both name and phone number is the same but unique if either of them varies.